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Decarbonization of maritime transport: Issues and levers

Reading 4 min

February 4, 2025

Summary

Decarbonizing shipping aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through solutions such as alternative fuels, energy efficiency, and innovative technologies. This transition is essential to align the sector with global climate goals and limit its environmental impact.

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What is the decarbonization of maritime transport?

The decarbonization of maritime transport refers to all actions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated by this sector. It is based on different solutions such as the adoption of alternative fuels, the optimization of routes, and the improvement of the energy efficiency of vessels. These initiatives respond to the need to limit the environmental impact of an industry responsible for nearly 3% of global CO2 emissions. Decarbonization is part of international climate objectives, in particular those set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), to ensure more sustainable maritime transport.

Levers for decarbonizing maritime transport

Adoption of alternative fuels

The adoption of alternative fuels is a key lever for decarbonizing the maritime transport sector. Solutions such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), green hydrogen, ammonia and biofuels can significantly reduce CO2 emissions compared to traditional fossil fuels. These fuels also offer benefits in terms of reducing air pollutants, such as sulphur and fine particles. However, their adoption requires the development of suitable infrastructure and investments to modernise existing fleets.

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Route and logistics optimisation

Route and logistics optimisation are essential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in maritime transport. By using digital tools and advanced navigation systems, shipowners can plan shorter journeys and avoid congestion areas. Efficient logistics management also helps maximise vessel filling, thereby reducing the number of voyages required. Thus, these practices not only reduce fuel consumption but also operational costs.

Improving the energy efficiency of ships

Improving the energy efficiency of ships involves the use of advanced technologies, such as hulls optimized to reduce water resistance or more efficient propulsion systems. The installation of equipment, such as heat recovery devices or power-assisted sails, can also reduce energy consumption. In addition, regular maintenance of engines and structures ensures optimal operation.

Electrification and hybrid technologies

Electrification and hybrid technologies represent promising solutions for reducing emissions from maritime transport. Electric ships, powered by batteries, are particularly suitable for short distances, while hybrid technologies combine electric and thermal engines to optimize energy consumption. These different systems help reduce dependence on fossil fuels. In addition, the integration of energy storage systems, such as lithium-ion batteries, promotes better energy management on board, thus contributing to more sustainable navigation.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCUS)

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCUS) is an innovative solution to reduce CO2 emissions from shipping. This technology consists of capturing the carbon dioxide emitted by ship engines, before storing it in suitable tanks or reusing it for other industrial applications. CCUS thus makes it possible to limit the climate impact of ships while meeting increasing environmental requirements.

 

The challenges and benefits of decarbonizing shipping

Decarbonizing shipping presents major challenges, including the high cost of low-carbon technologies, the development of infrastructure for alternative fuels, and the slow adoption of innovations in a traditional sector. However, this transition also offers significant opportunities. It stimulates technological innovation, creates jobs in green sectors and improves the competitiveness of the players involved. In addition, by meeting growing customer expectations and international regulations, decarbonized shipping contributes to strengthening the sustainability of global trade while reducing its environmental impact.

How can we accelerate the transition to decarbonized shipping?

To accelerate the transition, it is crucial to strengthen international regulations, such as those of the IMO, to impose ambitious emission reduction targets. Developing infrastructure for alternative fuels, such as hydrogen or ammonia, is essential. In addition, public and private investments must support technological innovation and fleet modernization. Collaboration between governments, shipowners and related industries is also necessary to harmonize efforts. Finally, raising awareness among stakeholders about the environmental impact of maritime transport can encourage the adoption of more sustainable practices.

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